© NASA/JPL/MESSENGER

Mercury at highest altitude in morning sky

Dominic Ford, Editor
From the Inner Planets feed

Objects: Mercury
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The sky at

As seen from Ashburn , Mercury will reach its highest point in the sky in its Oct–Nov 2021 morning apparition. It will be shining brightly at mag -0.6.

From Ashburn, this apparition will be well placed but nonetheless tricky to observe, reaching a peak altitude of 17° above the horizon at sunrise on 26 Oct 2021.

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Oct–Nov 2021 morning apparition of Mercury

09 Oct 2021 – Mercury at inferior solar conjunction
23 Oct 2021 – Mercury at dichotomy
24 Oct 2021 – Mercury at highest altitude in morning sky
24 Oct 2021 – Mercury at greatest elongation west
28 Nov 2021 – Mercury at superior solar conjunction

The table below lists the altitude of Mercury at sunrise over the course of its the apparition. All times are given in Ashburn local time.

Date Sun
rises at
Mercury
rises at
Altitude
at sunrise
Direction
at sunrise
Mag Phase
13 Oct 202107:1506:40east3.64%
16 Oct 202107:1806:1611°east1.713%
19 Oct 202107:2106:0115°east0.427%
22 Oct 202107:2405:5317°east-0.341%
25 Oct 202107:2705:5317°east-0.655%
28 Oct 202107:3005:5817°east-0.867%
31 Oct 202107:3406:0616°east-0.877%
03 Nov 202107:3706:1714°east-0.884%
06 Nov 202107:4006:2912°south-east-0.989%
09 Nov 202106:4405:4211°south-east-0.993%
12 Nov 202106:4705:55south-east-0.995%
15 Nov 202106:5006:08south-east-1.097%
18 Nov 202106:5406:21south-east-1.098%

Mercury will brighten rapidly at the start of its morning apparition as it emerges from inferior conjunction. Prior to its apparition, it passed between the Earth and Sun, at which time it had its unilluminated side turned towards the Earth and so appeared as a thin, barely illuminated crescent. As the apparition proceeds, this crescent waxes and becomes gibbous.

Since Mercury can only ever be observed in twilight, it is particularly difficult to find when it is in a thin crescent phase. Thus, it will be significantly easier to see in the days after it reaches its highest point in the sky – when it will show a gibbous phase – than in the days beforehand.

Altitude of Mercury at sunrise

A graph of the angular separation of Mercury from the Sun around the time of greatest elongation is available here.

Apparitions of Mercury

17 May 2021 – Evening apparition
05 Jul 2021 – Morning apparition
13 Sep 2021 – Evening apparition
24 Oct 2021 – Morning apparition
07 Jan 2022 – Evening apparition
16 Feb 2022 – Morning apparition
29 Apr 2022 – Evening apparition

Observing Mercury

Mercury's orbit lies closer to the Sun than the Earth's, meaning it always appears close to the Sun and is lost in the Sun's glare much of the time.

It is observable for only a few weeks each time it reaches greatest separation from the Sun – moments referred to as greatest elongation. These apparitions repeat roughly once every 3–4 months, taking place alternately in the morning and evening skies, depending whether Mercury lies to the east of the Sun or to the west.

When it lies to the east, it rises and sets a short time after the Sun and is visible in early evening twilight. When it lies to the west of the Sun, it rises and sets a short time before the Sun and is visible shortly before sunrise.

However, some times of the year are more favourable for viewing Mercury than others. From Ashburn, it reaches a maximum altitude of between 11° and 19° above the horizon at sunrise during each morning apparition, depending on the time of year. During its Oct–Nov 2021 apparition, it will peak at 17° above the horizon at sunrise on 26 Oct 2021.

This variability over the course of the year is due to a combination of two factors.

The inclination of the ecliptic to the horizon

The inclination of the ecliptic to the horizon changes over the course of the year, affecting how high planets close to the Sun appear in the sky.

At all times, Mercury lies close to a line across the sky called the ecliptic, which is shown in yellow in the planetarium above. This line traces the path that the Sun takes through the zodiacal constellations every year, and shows the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Since all the planets circle the Sun in almost exactly the same plane, it also closely follows the planes of the orbits of the other planets, too.

When Mercury is widely separated from the Sun, it is separated from it along the line of the ecliptic. But, at different times of year, the ecliptic meets the horizon at different angles at sunrise. This means that Mercury appears at different altitudes above the horizon at different times of year, even if its separation from the Sun is the same.

If the ecliptic meets the horizon at a shallow angle, then Mercury has to be very widely separated from the Sun to appear much above the horizon. Conversely, if the ecliptic is almost perpendicular to the horizon, Mercury may appear much higher in the sky, even if it is actually much closer to the Sun.

At sunset, the ecliptic makes its steepest angle to the horizon at the spring equinox – in March in the northern hemisphere, and in September in the southern hemisphere. Conversely, it meets the horizon at its shallowest angle at the autumn equinox. Because the seasons are opposite in the northern and southern hemispheres, a good apparition of Mercury in one hemisphere will usually be poorly placed in the other.

At sunrise, these dates are also inverted, so that for morning apparitions of Mercury, the ecliptic makes its steepest angle to the horizon at the autumn equinox, and its shallowest angle to the horizon at the spring equinox.

Mercury's elliptical orbit

The orbits of the planets Mercury, Venus and Earth, drawn to scale. The orbit of Mercury is significantly non-circular. Click to expand.

A secondary effect is that Mercury is unusual among the planets for having a significantly non-circular orbit, which varies in its distance from the Sun by 52% between its closest approach (perihelion, labelled P in the diagram to the right) and greatest distance (aphelion, labelled A).

This means that Mercury's separation from the Sun at greatest elongation varies, depending where it lies relative to the aphelion or perihelion points of its orbit. In mid-September and mid-March, the Earth is well placed to view the long axis of Mercury's orbit edge-on.

So, if Mercury appears in the evening sky in mid-September, or in the morning sky in mid-March, then it appears more widely separated from the Sun than usual. Specifically, at each apparition, Mercury reaches a separation from the Sun of between 18 and 28°. During its Oct–Nov 2021 apparition, it will reach a maximum separation of 18° to the Sun's west at greatest elongation.

The optimum time for an apparition of Mercury

The maximum altitude of Mercury during all its morning apparitions between 2000 and 2050, as a function of the day of the year on which greatest western elongation occurs. Different colours show the altitudes observed from different latitudes. Click to expand.

The two effects described above are of similar magnitude, though the inclination of the ecliptic to the horizon is the more significant. They conspire to make Mercury much easier to observe from the southern hemisphere than from the north.

In the southern hemisphere, apparitions of Mercury which occur when the ecliptic plane is favourably inclined to the horizon also coincide with apparitions when Mercury is close to aphelion. In the northern hemisphere, unfortunately the opposite is true: when the ecliptic plane is favourably inclined, Mercury is close to perihelion.

The plot to the right shows the maximum altitude of Mercury during all its morning apparitions between 2000 and 2050, as observed from a range of different latitudes on Earth. The highest altitudes are seen exclusively from the southern hemisphere.

Mercury's position

The position of Mercury when it reaches its highest point will be:

Object Right Ascension Declination Magnitude Angular Size
Mercury 12h52m10s 3°26'S -0.6 6.9"

The coordinates above are given in J2000.0.

The sky on 25 Oct 2021

The sky on 25 October 2021
Sunrise
07:27
Sunset
18:17
Twilight ends
19:47
Twilight begins
05:57

19-day old moon
Waning Gibbous

77%

19 days old

Planets
Rise Culm. Set
Mercury 05:55 11:47 17:38
Venus 11:35 16:03 20:31
Moon 20:42 04:25 12:13
Mars 07:00 12:31 18:02
Jupiter 15:18 20:30 01:43
Saturn 14:32 19:29 00:26
All times shown in EDT.

Warning

Never attempt to point a pair of binoculars or a telescope at an object close to the Sun. Doing so may result in immediate and permanent blindness.

Source

The circumstances of this event were computed using the DE430 planetary ephemeris published by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

This event was automatically generated by searching the ephemeris for planetary alignments which are of interest to amateur astronomers, and the text above was generated based on an estimate of your location.

Related news

24 Oct 2021  –  Mercury at greatest elongation west
07 Jan 2022  –  Mercury at greatest elongation east
09 Jan 2022  –  Mercury at highest altitude in evening sky
09 Feb 2022  –  Mercury at highest altitude in morning sky

Image credit

© NASA/JPL/MESSENGER

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