Mars will reach the end of its retrograde motion, ending its westward movement through the constellations and returning to more usual eastward motion instead. This reversal of direction is a phenomenon that all the solar system's outer planets periodically undergo, a few months after they pass opposition.
The retrograde motion is caused by the Earth's own motion around the Sun. As the Earth circles the Sun, our perspective changes, and this causes the apparent positions of objects to move from side-to-side in the sky with a one-year period. This nodding motion is super-imposed on the planet's long-term eastward motion through the constellations.
The diagram below illustrates this. The grey dashed arrow shows the Earth's sight-line to the planet, and the diagram on the right shows the planet's apparently movement across the sky as seen from the Earth:
The retrograde motion of Mars.
Not drawn to scale.
The panels below show the month-by-month change in Mars' apparent size in coming weeks, as it recedes from the Earth:
Observing Mars
Mars leaves retrograde motion as its 2031 apparition comes to an end, although it will remain visible for some weeks in the dusk sky.
As retrograde motion ends, it will be visible in the evening sky, becoming accessible around 20:21 (PST), 39° above your southern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. It will then reach its highest point in the sky at 21:28, 42° above your southern horizon. It will continue to be observable until around 02:08, when it sinks below 7° above your south-western horizon.
Over the following weeks, Mars will reach its highest point in the sky four minutes earlier each night, gradually disappearing into evening twilight.
The table below lists Mars' angular size and brightness at two-week intervals throughout its apparition:
| Date | Right ascension | Declination | Angular size | Magnitude |
| 23 Feb 2031 | 14h53m50s | 14°39'S | 9.2” | 0.2 |
| 09 Mar 2031 | 15h08m20s | 15°44'S | 10.5” | -0.2 |
| 23 Mar 2031 | 15h16m10s | 16°22'S | 12.1” | -0.6 |
| 06 Apr 2031 | 15h14m50s | 16°31'S | 13.9” | -1.0 |
| 20 Apr 2031 | 15h03m30s | 16°09'S | 15.7” | -1.5 |
| 04 May 2031 | 14h44m20s | 15°20'S | 16.8” | -1.8 |
| 18 May 2031 | 14h24m00s | 14°24'S | 16.8” | -1.6 |
| 01 Jun 2031 | 14h09m40s | 13°49'S | 15.9” | -1.4 |
| 15 Jun 2031 | 14h05m20s | 13°56'S | 14.5” | -1.1 |
| 29 Jun 2031 | 14h11m10s | 14°49'S | 13.1” | -0.8 |
| 13 Jul 2031 | 14h25m30s | 16°16'S | 11.8” | -0.5 |
As it leaves retrograde motion, its celestial coordinates will be:
| Object | Right Ascension | Declination | Constellation | Magnitude | Angular Size |
| Mars | 14h05m20s | 13°52'S | Virgo | -1.1 | 14.8" |
The coordinates above are given in J2000.0.
The sky on 13 Jun 2031
| The sky on 13 June 2031 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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31% 23 days old |
All times shown in PDT.
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Source
The circumstances of this event were computed using the DE430 planetary ephemeris published by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
This event was automatically generated by searching the ephemeris for planetary alignments which are of interest to amateur astronomers, and the text above was generated based on an estimate of your location.
Related news
| 13 Jun 2031 | – Mars ends retrograde motion |
| 26 May 2033 | – Mars enters retrograde motion |
| 27 Jun 2033 | – Mars at opposition |
| 05 Jul 2033 | – Mars at perigee |
Image credit
© NASA/Hubble Space Telescope