© NASA/Ricardo Nunes

Venus at greatest elongation west

Dominic Ford, Editor
From the Inner Planets feed

Objects: Venus
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Venus will reach its greatest separation from the Sun in its 2018–2019 morning apparition. It will be shining brightly at mag -4.4.

From Fairfield , this apparition will not be one of the most prominent but nonetheless prominent, reaching a peak altitude of 33° above the horizon at sunrise on 13 Dec 2018.

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2018–2019 morning apparition of Venus

26 Oct 2018 – Venus at inferior solar conjunction
29 Nov 2018 – Venus at greatest brightness
13 Dec 2018 – Venus at highest altitude in morning sky
05 Jan 2019 – Venus at dichotomy
06 Jan 2019 – Venus at greatest elongation west
14 Aug 2019 – Venus at superior solar conjunction

The table below lists the altitude of Venus at sunrise over the course of the apparition. All times are given in Fairfield local time.

Date Sun
rises at
Venus
rises at
Altitude
at sunrise
Direction
at sunrise
Mag Phase
03 Nov 201807:2406:32south-east-4.22%
13 Nov 201806:3604:3120°south-east-4.510%
23 Nov 201806:4803:5128°south-east-4.619%
03 Dec 201806:5803:2932°south-east-4.728%
13 Dec 201807:0703:2133°south-east-4.635%
23 Dec 201807:1303:2232°south-east-4.542%
02 Jan 201907:1603:3030°south-east-4.548%
12 Jan 201907:1503:4128°south-east-4.453%
22 Jan 201907:1003:5325°south-east-4.358%
01 Feb 201907:0204:0623°south-east-4.362%
11 Feb 201906:5104:1821°south-east-4.266%
21 Feb 201906:3804:2619°south-east-4.170%
03 Mar 201906:2304:3017°south-east-4.173%

Altitude of Venus at sunrise

A graph of the angular separation of Venus from the Sun around the time of greatest elongation is available here.

Apparitions of Venus

12 Jan 2017 – Evening apparition
03 Jun 2017 – Morning apparition
17 Aug 2018 – Evening apparition
06 Jan 2019 – Morning apparition
24 Mar 2020 – Evening apparition
13 Aug 2020 – Morning apparition
29 Oct 2021 – Evening apparition

Observing Venus

Venus's orbit lies closer to the Sun than the Earth's, meaning it always appears close to the Sun and is lost in the Sun's glare much of the time.

It is observable for a few months each time it reaches greatest separation from the Sun – moments referred to as greatest elongation.

On these occasions, Venus is so bright and conspicuous that it becomes the third brightest object in the sky after the Sun and Moon. It is often called the morning star or the evening star.

These apparitions repeat roughly once every 1.6 years, taking place alternately in the morning and evening skies, depending whether Venus lies to the east of the Sun or to the west.

When it lies to the east, it rises and sets a short time after the Sun and is visible in early evening twilight. When it lies to the west of the Sun, it rises and sets a short time before the Sun and is visible shortly before sunrise.

At each apparition, Venus reaches a maximum separation from the Sun of around 48°. However, some times of the year are more favourable for viewing Venus than others. From Fairfield, it reaches a peak altitude of between 22° and 44° above the horizon at sunrise during each morning apparition, depending on the time of year. During its 2018–2019 apparition, it will peak at 33° above the horizon at sunrise on 13 Dec 2018.

This variability over the course of the year is due to the inclination of the ecliptic to the horizon.

The inclination of the ecliptic to the horizon

The inclination of the ecliptic to the horizon changes over the course of the year, affecting how high planets close to the Sun appear in the sky.

At all times, Venus lies close to a line across the sky called the ecliptic, which is shown in yellow in the planetarium above. This line traces the path that the Sun takes through the zodiacal constellations every year, and shows the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Since all the planets circle the Sun in almost exactly the same plane, it also closely follows the planes of the orbits of the other planets, too.

When Venus is widely separated from the Sun, it is separated from it along the line of the ecliptic. But, at different times of year, the ecliptic meets the horizon at different angles at sunrise. This means that Venus appears at different altitudes above the horizon at different times of year, even if its separation from the Sun is the same.

If the ecliptic meets the horizon at a shallow angle, then Venus has to be very widely separated from the Sun to appear much above the horizon. Conversely, if the ecliptic is almost perpendicular to the horizon, Venus may appear much higher in the sky, even if it is actually much closer to the Sun.

At sunset, the ecliptic makes its steepest angle to the horizon at the spring equinox – in March in the northern hemisphere, and in September in the southern hemisphere. Conversely, it meets the horizon at its shallowest angle at the autumn equinox. Because the seasons are opposite in the northern and southern hemispheres, a good apparition of Venus in one hemisphere will usually be poorly placed in the other.

At sunrise, these dates are also inverted, so that for morning apparitions of Venus, the ecliptic makes its steepest angle to the horizon at the autumn equinox, and its shallowest angle to the horizon at the spring equinox.

The optimum time for an apparition of Venus

The maximum altitude of Venus during all its morning apparitions between 2000 and 2050, as a function of the day of the year on which greatest western elongation occurs. Different colours show the altitudes observed from different latitudes. Click to expand.

For this reason, the day when Venus reaches its widest separation from the Sun (greatest elongation) is not necessarily the same day when it appears highest in the sky at sunrise. Venus typically appears highest in the sky a few days or weeks closer to the autumn equinox than the moment of greatest elongation.

The inclination of the ecliptic plane to the horizon at Fairfield varies between 72° (sunrise at the autumn equinox) and 25° (sunrise at the spring equinox). On January 6, the ecliptic is inclined at 38° to the eastern dawn horizon, as shown by the yellow line in the planetarium above, meaning that this apparition of Venus will not be one of the most prominent but nonetheless prominent, reaching a peak altitude of 33° above the horizon at sunrise.

Venus's position

The position of Venus when it reaches greatest elongation will be:

Object Right Ascension Declination Constellation Magnitude Angular Size
Venus 15h48m10s 16°27'S Libra -4.4 24.7"
Sun 19h06m 22°33'S Sagittarius -26.7 32'31"

The coordinates above are given in J2000.0.

The sky on 6 Jan 2019

The sky on 6 January 2019
Sunrise
07:16
Sunset
16:38
Twilight ends
18:17
Twilight begins
05:37

30-day old moon
Waxing Crescent

0%

30 days old

Planets
Rise Culm. Set
Mercury 06:26 10:58 15:30
Venus 03:36 08:39 13:42
Moon 07:44 12:28 17:14
Mars 10:54 17:01 23:08
Jupiter 04:52 09:34 14:16
Saturn 07:01 11:40 16:19
All times shown in EST.

Source

The circumstances of this event were computed using the DE430 planetary ephemeris published by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

This event was automatically generated by searching the ephemeris for planetary alignments which are of interest to amateur astronomers, and the text above was generated based on an estimate of your location.

Related news

06 Jan 2019  –  Venus at greatest elongation west
24 Mar 2020  –  Venus at greatest elongation east
26 Mar 2020  –  Venus at highest altitude in evening sky
13 Aug 2020  –  Venus at greatest elongation west

Image credit

© NASA/Ricardo Nunes

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